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surveyor company

  • 1 surveyor company

    сюрвейерская компания (фирма, осуществляющая инспекцию морского груза по количеству и качеству, выдающая сертификат качества товара)

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > surveyor company

  • 2 company

    компания; общество; фирма; предприятие
    •
    - place the company on "creditwatch"

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > company

  • 3 charter

    1. noun
    (a formal document giving rights or privileges.) escritura de constitución, estatutos

    2. verb
    (to let or hire (a ship, aircraft etc) on contract: The travel company had chartered three aircraft for their holiday flights.) fletar, alquilar

    3. adjective
    a charter plane; a charter flight.) vuelo chárter

    chárter adjetivo invariable charter ( before n) ■ sustantivo masculino charter (flight)
    chárter adjetivo inv charter ' chárter' also found in these entries: Spanish: fletar - vuelo - flete English: charter - charter flight
    tr['ʧɑːtəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (of town) fuero; (of company) escritura de constitución, estatutos nombre masculino plural; (of university) estatutos nombre masculino plural
    3 (hiring of plane etc) fletamiento
    1 (grant rights, privileges to) aprobar los estatutos de
    2 (hire plane, boat, etc) fletar, alquilar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    charter flight vuelo chárter
    charter ['ʧɑrt̬ər] vt
    1) : establecer los estatutos de (una organización)
    2) rent: alquilar, fletar
    1) statutes: estatutos mpl
    2) constitution: carta f, constitución f
    n.
    • carta s.f.
    • contrato de fletamento de un barco s.m.
    • estatutos s.m.pl.
    • fletamento s.m.
    v.
    • alquilar v.
    • estatuir v.
    • fletar v.
    • fletear v.

    I 'tʃɑːrtər, 'tʃɑːtə(r)
    1) c
    a) ( of university) estatutos mpl; ( of city) fuero m; ( of company) escritura f de constitución
    b) ( constitution) carta f
    c) ( guarantee of rights) fuero m, privilegio m
    2) u ( hire) ( Transp) (contrato m de) fletamento m; (before n) <flight, plane> chárter adj inv

    II
    1)
    a) ( grant charter to) aprobar* los estatutos de
    b) (BrE) chartered past p <engineer/surveyor> colegiado

    chartered accountant — contador público, contadora pública m,f (AmL), censor jurado, censora jurada m,f de cuentas (Esp)

    2) ( hire) \<\<plane/ship/bus\>\> fletar, alquilar
    ['tʃɑːtǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=authorization) carta f ; [of city] fuero m ; [of organization] estatutos mpl ; [of company] escritura f de constitución
    2) (=hire) (Naut) alquiler m ; (Aer) fletamento m
    2. VT
    1) [+ organization] aprobar los estatutos de; [+ company] aprobar la escritura de constitución de
    2) [+ bus] alquilar; [+ ship, plane] fletar
    3.
    CPD

    charter flight N — vuelo m chárter

    charter plane N — avión m chárter

    * * *

    I ['tʃɑːrtər, 'tʃɑːtə(r)]
    1) c
    a) ( of university) estatutos mpl; ( of city) fuero m; ( of company) escritura f de constitución
    b) ( constitution) carta f
    c) ( guarantee of rights) fuero m, privilegio m
    2) u ( hire) ( Transp) (contrato m de) fletamento m; (before n) <flight, plane> chárter adj inv

    II
    1)
    a) ( grant charter to) aprobar* los estatutos de
    b) (BrE) chartered past p <engineer/surveyor> colegiado

    chartered accountant — contador público, contadora pública m,f (AmL), censor jurado, censora jurada m,f de cuentas (Esp)

    2) ( hire) \<\<plane/ship/bus\>\> fletar, alquilar

    English-spanish dictionary > charter

  • 4 Mylne, Robert

    [br]
    b. 1733 Edinburgh, Scotland d. 1811
    [br]
    Scottish engineer, architect and bridge-builder.
    [br]
    Mylne was the eldest son of Thomas Mylne, Surveyor to the City of Edinburgh. Little is known of his early education. In 1754, at the age of 21, he left Edinburgh by sea and journeyed to Rome, where he attended the Academy of St Luke. There he received the first prize for architecture. In 1759 he left Rome to travel back to England, where he arrived in time for the competition then going ahead for the design and building of a new bridge across the Thames at Blackfriars. Against 68 other competitors, Mylne won the competition; the work took some ten years to complete.
    In 1760 he was appointed Engineer and Architect to the City of London, and in 1767 Joint Engineer to the New River Company together with Henry Mill, who died within a few years to leave Mylne to become Chief Engineer in 1770. Thus for the next forty years he was in charge of all the works for the New River Company between Clerkenwell and Ware, the opposite ends of London's main water supply. By 1767 he had also been appointed to a number of other important posts, which included Surveyor to Canterbury Cathedral and St Paul's Cathedral. In addition to undertaking his responsibilities for these great public buildings, he designed many private houses and villas all over the country, including several buildings for the Duke of Argyll on the Inverary Castle estate.
    Mylne was also responsible for the design of a great number of bridges, waterworks and other civil engineering works throughout Britain. Called in to advise on the Norwich city waterworks, he fell out with Joseph Bramah in a somewhat spectacular dispute.
    For much of his life Mylne lived at the Water House at the New River Head at Islington, from which he could direct much of the work on that waterway that came under his supervision. He also had residences in New Bridge Street and, as Clerk of Works, at Greenwich Hospital. Towards the end of his life he built himself a small house at Amwell, a country retreat at the outer end of the New River. He kept a diary from 1762 to 1810 which includes only brief memoranda but which shows a remarkable diligence in travelling all over the country by stagecoach and by postchaise. He was a freemason, as were many of his family; he married Mary Home on 10 September 1770, with whom he had ten children, four of whom survived into adulthood.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Royal Society 1767.
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, London.
    A.E.Richardson, 1955, Robert Mylne, 1733–1811, Engineer and Architect, London: Batsford.

    Biographical history of technology > Mylne, Robert

  • 5 Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann

    [br]
    b. 12 December 1842 Biendorf, near Köthen, Germany
    d. 9 June 1902 Dresden, Germany
    [br]
    German mine surveyor, inventor of the freezing process for sinking shafts.
    [br]
    Pötsch was the son of a forest officer and could not easily attend school, with the consequences that it took him a long time to obtain the scholarly education needed to enable him to begin work on a higher level with the mining administration in the duchy of Anhalt in 1868. Seven years later, he was licensed as a Prussian mining surveyor and in this capacity he worked with the mining inspectorate of Aschersleben. During that time he frequently came across shafts for brown-coal mines which had been sunk down to watery strata but then had to be abandoned. His solution to the problem was to freeze the quicksand with a solution of chloride; this was better than the previous attempts in England to instal cooling coils at the bottom of the shaft. Pötsch's conception implied the construction of ice walls with the means of boreholes and refrigerators. By his method a set of boreholes was driven through the watery strata, the smaller pipes contained within the main bore pipes, providing a channel through which calcium chloride was pumped, returning through the longer pipe until the ground was frozen solid. He obtained a patent in 1883 and many leading international journals reported on the method the same year.
    In 1884 he established the Internationale Gesselschaft für Schacht-, Brucken-und Tunnelbau in Magdeburg and he also became Director of the Poetsch-Sooy-Smith Freezing Company in New Jersey, which constructed the first freezing shaft in America in 1888.
    However, Pötsch was successful only for a short period of time and, being a clumsy entrepreneur, he had to dissolve his company in 1894. Unfortunately, his decision to carry out the complete shaft-sinking business did not allow him to concentrate on solving upcoming technical problems of his new process. It was Louis Gebhardt (1861–1924), his former engineer, who took care of development, especially in co-operation with French mining engineers, and thus provided the basis for the freezing process becoming widely used for shaft-sinking in complicated strata ever since.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1886, Das Gefrierverfahren. Methode für schnelles, sicheres und lotrechtes Abteufen von Schächten im Schwimmsande und uberhaupt im wasserreichen Gebirge; für Herstellung tiefgehender Bruckenpfeiler und für TunnelBauten in rolligem und schwimmendem Gebirge, Freiberg.
    1889, Geschichtliches über die Entstehung und Herausbildung des Gefrierverfahrens, Magdeburg.
    1895, Das Gefrierverfahren und das kombinierte Schachtabbohr-und Gefrierverfahren (Patent Pötsch), Freiberg.
    Further Reading
    D.Hoffmann, 1962, AchtJahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nach Putsch, Essen: Glückauf (the most substantial biography; also covers technological aspects).
    G.Gach, 1986, In Schacht und Strecke, Essen: Glückauf, pp. 31–53 (provides information on the development of specialized mining companies in Germany originating in the freezing process).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann

  • 6 Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

    [br]
    b. 30 May 1810 Lower Wyke, near Halifax, Yorkshire, England
    d. 10 June 1889 Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer whose principal works were concerned with reservoirs, water-supply schemes and pipelines.
    [br]
    Bateman's maternal grandfather was a Moravian missionary, and from the age of 7 he was educated at the Moravian schools at Fairfield and Ockbrook. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a "civil engineer, land surveyor and agent" in Oldham. After this apprenticeship, Bateman commenced his own practice in 1833. One of his early schemes and reports was in regard to the flooding of the river Medlock in the Manchester area. He came to the attention of William Fairbairn, the engine builder and millwright of Canal Street, Ancoats, Manchester. Fairbairn used Bateman as his site surveyor and as such he prepared much of the groundwork for the Bann reservoirs in Northern Ireland. Whilst the reports on the proposals were in the name of Fairbairn, Bateman was, in fact, appointed by the company as their engineer for the execution of the works. One scheme of Bateman's which was carried forward was the Kendal Reservoirs. The Act for these was signed in 1845 and was implemented not for the purpose of water supply but for the conservation of water to supply power to the many mills which stood on the river Kent between Kentmere and Morecambe Bay. The Kentmere Head dam is the only one of the five proposed for the scheme to survive, although not all the others were built as they would have retained only small volumes of water.
    Perhaps the greatest monument to the work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman is Manchester's water supply; he was consulted about this in 1844, and construction began four years later. He first built reservoirs in the Longdendale valley, which has a very complicated geological stratification. Bateman favoured earth embankment dams and gravity feed rather than pumping; the five reservoirs in the valley that impound the river Etherow were complex, cored earth dams. However, when completed they were greatly at risk from landslips and ground movement. Later dams were inserted by Bateman to prevent water loss should the older dams fail. The scheme was not completed until 1877, by which time Manchester's population had exceeded the capacity of the original scheme; Thirlmere in Cumbria was chosen by Manchester Corporation as the site of the first of the Lake District water-supply schemes. Bateman, as Consulting Engineer, designed the great stone-faced dam at the west end of the lake, the "gothic" straining well in the middle of the east shore of the lake, and the 100-mile (160 km) pipeline to Manchester. The Act for the Thirlmere reservoir was signed in 1879 and, whilst Bateman continued as Consulting Engineer, the work was supervised by G.H. Hill and was completed in 1894.
    Bateman was also consulted by the authorities in Glasgow, with the result that he constructed an impressive water-supply scheme derived from Loch Katrine during the years 1856–60. It was claimed that the scheme bore comparison with "the most extensive aqueducts in the world, not excluding those of ancient Rome". Bateman went on to superintend the waterworks of many cities, mainly in the north of England but also in Dublin and Belfast. In 1865 he published a pamphlet, On the Supply of Water to London from the Sources of the River Severn, based on a survey funded from his own pocket; a Royal Commission examined various schemes but favoured Bateman's.
    Bateman was also responsible for harbour and dock works, notably on the rivers Clyde and Shannon, and also for a number of important water-supply works on the Continent of Europe and beyond. Dams and the associated reservoirs were the principal work of J.F.La Trobe Bateman; he completed forty-three such schemes during his professional career. He also prepared many studies of water-supply schemes, and appeared as professional witness before the appropriate Parliamentary Committees.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1860. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1878, 1879.
    Bibliography
    Among his publications History and Description of the Manchester Waterworks, (1884, London), and The Present State of Our Knowledge on the Supply of Water to Towns, (1855, London: British Association for the Advancement of Science) are notable.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1889, Proceedings of the Royal Society 46:xlii-xlviii. G.M.Binnie, 1981, Early Victorian Water Engineers, London.
    P.N.Wilson, 1973, "Kendal reservoirs", Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 73.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bateman, John Frederick La Trobe

  • 7 chartered

    tr['ʧɑːtəd]
    1 (qualified) colegiado,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    ['tʃɑːtǝd]
    ADJ [surveyor] colegiado; [librarian] diplomado (con un mínimo de dos años de experiencia) ; [company] legalmente constituido

    chartered accountant — (Brit, Canada) censor(a) m / f jurado(-a) de cuentas, contador(a) m / f público(-a) (LAm)

    English-spanish dictionary > chartered

  • 8 Putnam, Rufus

    (1738-1824) Патнам, Руфус
    Военный, пионер Фронтира [ Frontier]. Начал военную службу (1757-60) в последней войне с французами и индейцами [ French and Indian wars] (1754-63). В 1775 вступил в Континентальную армию [ Continental Army] в чине подполковника, руководил строительством ряда фортификационных сооружений, пытался создать отдельные инженерно-саперные подразделения в Континентальной армии. В 1783 был произведен в бригадные генералы. В 1785 назначен Конгрессом Землемером западных земель [Surveyor of Western Land]. Увлекся идеей колонизации земель Территории Огайо. В 1786 создал из числа ветеранов войны Огайское товарищество [Ohio Company of Associates], которое ставило целью освоение и колонизацию огайских земель. Добился возможности покупки больших участков земли у правительства по недорогой цене. Товарищество назначило Патнама директором и руководителем операций по освоению земель. С небольшим отрядом он создал базу на месте современного города Мариетта. В 1790 был назначен судьей Северо-Западной Территории, а в 1792 как бригадный генерал, командующий армейскими подразделениями в Территории, заключил несколько договоров с индейскими племенами. В 1796 Дж. Вашингтон [ Washington, George] назначил его Генеральным землемером, но в 1803 он был уволен президентом Т. Джефферсоном [ Jefferson, Thomas] как не справляющийся со своей работой. Остался в истории главным образом как колонизатор Огайо

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Putnam, Rufus

  • 9 chartered

    (a) British chartered accountant expert-comptable m, French Canadian comptable m f agréé(e);
    chartered bank banque f privilégiée;
    chartered company société f privilégiée ou à charte;
    chartered surveyor expert m immobilier
    (b) (aeroplane, boat) affrété(e)

    English-French business dictionary > chartered

  • 10 charter

    ['ça:të:] n.,v.- n 1. kartë; the Charter of the United Nations Karta e Kombeve të Bashkuara. 2. statut, akt themelues (i një shoqate etj). 3. qiramarrje; on charter me qira (anije, avion etj). 4. privilegj, e drejtë e posaçme /-vt 1. i jap të drejta; i jap privilegje. 2. pajis me statut. 3. marr me qira.
    ● chartered accountant ['ça:të:ë'kauntënt] n. financier me license shtetërore
    ● chartered bank ['ça:të:bænk] n. bankë private e miratuar nga shteti
    ● chartered company ['ça:të:'kampëni] n. fin.,ek. kompani e privilegjuar
    ● chartered surveyor ['ça:të:së:'vejë:] n. ekspert pasurish të patundshme
    ● charter member ['ça:të:'membë:] n. anëtar themelues
    ● charter party ['ça:të:'pa:ti] n. drejt. kontratë transporti
    ● charter plane ['ça:të:plein] n. aeroplan me qira

    English-Albanian dictionary > charter

  • 11 report

    1. n
    1) доклад; сообщение; отчет
    2) отзыв, заключение
    4) отсрочка расчета по фондовой сделке, контанго, репорт

    - acceptance report
    - acceptance test report
    - accountant's report
    - accounting report
    - action report
    - actuarial report
    - advanced outstanding report
    - adverse auditor's report
    - annual report
    - annual financial report
    - appraisal report
    - auditor's report
    - average rate report
    - base rate change history report
    - bills outstanding report
    - board of directors report
    - branch balance report
    - brokerage report
    - budgetary control report
    - bullish report
    - business report
    - call report
    - cash report
    - chairman's report
    - claim report
    - commercial report
    - company report
    - confidential report
    - confirmed/unconfirmed deals report
    - conflicting report
    - consolidated report
    - contract funds status report
    - contract status report
    - corporate report
    - corporate profit report
    - cost information report
    - cost reduction report
    - credit report
    - credit agency report
    - credits by customer report
    - current industrial reports
    - customs report
    - customs surveyor report
    - daily report
    - daily cash report
    - daily movement report
    - damage report
    - delinquency report
    - direct report
    - director's report
    - directors' report
    - draft report
    - due diligence report
    - earnings report
    - end-of-day report
    - establishment report
    - evaluation report
    - examination report
    - examiners' report
    - exchange report
    - exchange rate warning report
    - expense report
    - expert's report
    - factory inspection report
    - failure report
    - fault detection report
    - feasibility report
    - final report
    - financial report
    - fiscal report
    - full report
    - government report
    - group report
    - group limit report
    - guarantee test report
    - idle time report
    - inaccurate report
    - industry report
    - inspection report
    - interim report
    - internal funding report
    - intracompany report
    - limit summary report
    - liquidity report
    - loan and deposit liquidity report
    - loan facility usage report
    - management report
    - manufacturing report
    - market report
    - maturity deal warning report
    - model audit report
    - money report
    - monthly report
    - no instruction warning report
    - nostro transfer report
    - official report
    - operating report
    - operational report
    - outturn report
    - over-the-counter reports
    - overlimit report
    - past-repayment warning report
    - performance report
    - production report
    - profit and loss report
    - progress report
    - provisional report
    - qualified report
    - quality control report
    - quality survey report
    - quarterly report
    - receiving report
    - research report
    - returned stores report
    - routine report
    - sales report
    - semi-annual report
    - shared interest margin report
    - shortage report
    - situation report
    - source and application of funds report
    - standard narrative report
    - statistical report
    - status report
    - statutory report
    - stock market report
    - stock status report
    - summary report
    - suspect loan report
    - technical inspection report
    - tentative balance-sheet report
    - test report
    - timekeeping report
    - trade report
    - trading activity report
    - travel expense report
    - travellers' cheque issued report
    - trial balance reports
    - undrawn commitment report
    - yearly report
    - report of condition
    - report of experts' examination
    - report on market conditions
    - report on the market situation
    - approve a report
    - certify a report
    - draw up a report
    - file an annual report
    - file periodical reports
    - issue a financial report
    - issue a test report
    - make a report
    - present a report
    - submit a report
    2. v
    1) сообщать, информировать
    3) подчиняться, находиться в подчинении

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > report

  • 12 Clark, Edwin

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 7 January 1814 Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England
    d. 22 October 1894 Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer.
    [br]
    After a basic education in mathematics, latin, French and geometry, Clark was articled to a solicitor, but he left after two years because he did not like the work. He had no permanent training otherwise, and for four years he led an idle life, becoming self-taught in the subjects that interested him. He eventually became a teacher at his old school before entering Cambridge, although he returned home after two years without taking a degree. He then toured the European continent extensively, supporting himself as best he could. He returned to England in 1839 and obtained further teaching posts. With the railway boom in progress he decided to become a surveyor and did some work on a proposed line between Oxford and Brighton.
    After being promised an interview with Robert Stephenson, he managed to see him in March 1846. Stephenson took a liking to Clark and asked him to investigate the strains on the Britannia Bridge tubes under various given conditions. This work so gained Stephenson's full approval that, after being entrusted with experiments and designs, Clark was appointed Resident Engineer for the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Straits. He not only completed the bridge, which was opened on 19 October 1850, but also wrote the history of its construction. After the completion of the bridge—and again without any professional experience—he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief to the Electric and International Telegraph Company. He was consulted by Captain Mark Huish of the London \& North Western Railway on a telegraphic system for the railway, and in 1853 he introduced the Block Telegraph System.
    Clark was engaged on the Crystal Palace and was responsible for many railway bridges in Britain and abroad. He was Engineer and part constructor of the harbour at Callao, Peru, and also of harbour works at Colón, Panama. On canal works he was contractor for the marine canal, the Morskoy Canal, in 1875 between Kronstadt and St Petersburg. His great work on canals, however, was the concept with Edward Leader Williams of the hydraulically operated barge lift at Anderton, Cheshire, linking the Weaver Navigation to the Trent \& Mersey Canal, whose water levels have a vertical separation of 50 ft (15 m). This was opened on 26 July 1875. The structure so impressed the French engineers who were faced with a bottleneck of five locks on the Neuffossée Canal south of Saint-Omer that they commissioned Clark to design a lift there. This was completed in 1878 and survives as a historic monument. The design was also adopted for four lifts on the Canal du Centre at La Louvière in Belgium, but these were not completed until after Clark's death.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Clark, Edwin

  • 13 Shaw, Percy

    [br]
    b. 1889 Yorkshire, England d. 1975
    [br]
    English inventor of the "catseye" reflecting roadstud.
    [br]
    Little is known of Shaw's youth, but in the 1930s he was running a comparatively successful business repairing roads. One evening in 1933, he was driving to his home in Halifax, West Yorkshire; it was late, dark and foggy and only the reflection of his headlights from the tram-tracks guided him and kept him on the road. He decided to find or make an alternative to tramlines, which were not universal and by that time were being taken up as trams were being replaced with diesel buses.
    Shaw needed a place to work and bought the old Boothtown Mansion, a cloth-merchant's house built in the mid-eighteenth century. There he devoted himself to the production of a prototype of the reflecting roadstud, inspired by the reflective nature of a cat's eyes. Shaw's design consisted of a prism backed by an aluminium mirror, set in pairs in a rubber casing; when traffic passed over the stud, the prisms would be wiped clean as the casing was depressed. In 1934, Shaw obtained permission from the county surveyor to lay, at his own expense, a short stretch of catseyes on a main highway near his home: fifty were laid at Brightlington cross-roads, an accident blackspot near Bradford. This was inspected by a number of surveyors in 1936. The first order for catseyes had already been placed in 1935, for a pedestrian crossing in Baldon, Yorkshire. There were alternative designs in existence, particularly in France, and in 1937 the Ministry of Transport laid an 8 km (5 mile) stretch in Oxfordshire with sample lengths of different types of studs. After two years, most of them had fractured, become displaced or ceased to reflect; only the product of Shaw's company, Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd, was still in perfect condition. The outbreak of the Second World War brought blackout regulations, which caused a great boost to sales of reflecting roadstuds; orders reached some 40,000 per week. Production was limited, however, due to the shortage of rubber supplies after the Japanese overran South-East Asia; until the end of the war, only about 12,000 catseyes were produced a year.
    Over fifty million catseyes have been installed in Britain, where on average there are about two hundred and fifty catseyes in each kilometre of road, if laid in a single line. The success of Shaw's invention brought him great wealth, although he continued to live in the same house, without curtains—which obstructed his view—or carpets—which harboured odours and germs. He had three Rolls-Royce cars, and four television sets which were permanently switched on while he was at home, each tuned to a different channel.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1965.
    Further Reading
    E.de Bono (ed.), 1979, Eureka, London: Thames \& Hudson.
    "Percy's bright idea", En Route (the magazine of the Caravan Club), reprinted in The Police Review, 23 March 1983.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Shaw, Percy

  • 14 Telford, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
    d. 2 September 1834 London, England.
    [br]
    Scottish civil engineer.
    [br]
    Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.
    In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.
    In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.
    In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.
    In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.
    In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.
    Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.
    C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Telford, Thomas

  • 15 Vignoles, Charles Blacker

    [br]
    b. 31 May 1793 Woodbrook, Co. Wexford, Ireland
    d. 17 November 1875 Hythe, Hampshire, England
    [br]
    English surveyor and civil engineer, pioneer of railways.
    [br]
    Vignoles, who was of Huguenot descent, was orphaned in infancy and brought up in the family of his grandfather, Dr Charles Hutton FRS, Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. After service in the Army he travelled to America, arriving in South Carolina in 1817. He was appointed Assistant to the state's Civil Engineer and surveyed much of South Carolina and subsequently Florida. After his return to England in 1823 he established himself as a civil engineer in London, and obtained work from the brothers George and John Rennie.
    In 1825 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) lost their application for an Act of Parliament, discharged their engineer George Stephenson and appointed the Rennie brothers in his place. They in turn employed Vignoles to resurvey the railway, taking a route that would minimize objections. With Vignoles's route, the company obtained its Act in 1826 and appointed Vignoles to supervise the start of construction. After Stephenson was reappointed Chief Engineer, however, he and Vignoles proved incompatible, with the result that Vignoles left the L \& MR early in 1827.
    Nevertheless, Vignoles did not sever all connection with the L \& MR. He supported John Braithwaite and John Ericsson in the construction of the locomotive Novelty and was present when it competed in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. He attended the opening of the L \& MR in 1830 and was appointed Engineer to two railways which connected with it, the St Helens \& Runcorn Gap and the Wigan Branch (later extended to Preston as the North Union); he supervised the construction of these.
    After the death of the Engineer to the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway, Vignoles supervised construction: the railway, the first in Ireland, was opened in 1834. He was subsequently employed in surveying and constructing many railways in the British Isles and on the European continent; these included the Eastern Counties, the Midland Counties, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyme \& Manchester (which proved for him a financial disaster from which he took many years to recover), and the Waterford \& Limerick. He probably discussed rail of flat-bottom section with R.L. Stevens during the winter of 1830–1 and brought it into use in the UK for the first time in 1836 on the London \& Croydon Railway: subsequently rail of this section became known as "Vignoles rail". He considered that a broader gauge than 4 ft 8½ in. (1.44 m) was desirable for railways, although most of those he built were to this gauge so that they might connect with others. He supported the atmospheric system of propulsion during the 1840s and was instrumental in its early installation on the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway's Dalkey extension. Between 1847 and 1853 he designed and built the noted multi-span suspension bridge at Kiev, Russia, over the River Dnieper, which is more than half a mile (800 m) wide at that point.
    Between 1857 and 1863 he surveyed and then supervised the construction of the 155- mile (250 km) Tudela \& Bilbao Railway, which crosses the Cantabrian Pyrenees at an altitude of 2,163 ft (659 m) above sea level. Vignoles outlived his most famous contemporaries to become the grand old man of his profession.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society 1829. FRS 1855. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1869–70.
    Bibliography
    1830, jointly with John Ericsson, British patent no. 5,995 (a device to increase the capability of steam locomotives on grades, in which rollers gripped a third rail).
    1823, Observations upon the Floridas, New York: Bliss \& White.
    1870, Address on His Election as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
    Further Reading
    K.H.Vignoles, 1982, Charles Blacker Vignoles: Romantic Engineer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (good modern biography by his great-grandson).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Vignoles, Charles Blacker

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